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Indirect speech is also known as reported speech, indirect narration, or indirect discourse. In grammar, when you report someone else’s statement in your own words without any change in the meaning of the statement, it is called indirect speech. Quoting a person’s words without using his own word and bringing about any change in the meaning of the statement is a reported speech. Look at the following sentences:
Direct Speech: She says, “I am a little bit nervous.”
Indirect Speech: She says that she is a little bit nervous.
In the first sentence, the reporter conveys the message of the girl using her actual words (e.g., “I am a little bit nervous.”) In the second sentence, the reporter conveys her message but in his own words without any change in the meaning. Thus, both direct and indirect speeches are two different ways of reporting a statement of person. In simple words, quoting a person using your own words is called an indirect speech.
Key Terminology:
During the process, you will come across many important terms that you need to know better so that you can convert any direct speech into indirect speech easily and without any hassle. Consider the following sentences:
Direct Speech: She says, “I am a little bit nervous.”
Indirect Speech: She says that she is a little bit nervous.
Now consider the different grammatical aspects of both.
Reporting Speech: The first part in the direct speech is called reporting speech.
Reported Speech: The second part of the sentence, which is closed in inverted commas or quotation marks, is called reported speech.
Reporting Verb: The verb of the reporting speech is called the reporting verb.
Reported Verb: The verb of the reported speech is called the reported verb.
Basic Rules
Before proceeding ahead, it is mandatory to memorize these rules:
Changes in Person of Pronouns:
1st Person pronouns in reported speech are always changed according to the subject of the reporting speech.
2nd Person pronouns in reported speech are always changed according to the object of the reporting speech.
3rd Person pronouns in reported speech are not changed.
Changes in Verbs:
If the reporting speech is in present tense or future tense, then no change is required to be made in the verb of reported speech. This verb could be in any tense i.e., present, past, or future. For example:
Direct Speech: He says, “I am ill.”
Indirect Speech: He says that he is ill.
Direct Speech: She says, “She sang a song.”
Indirect Speech: She says that she sang a song.
Direct Speech: You say, “I shall visit London.”
Indirect Speech: You say that you will visit London.
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, then reported verb will be changed as per the following criterion:
Present indefinite tense is changed into past indefinite tense. For example:
Direct Speech: They said, “They take exercise every day.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they took exercise every day.
Present continuous is changed into past continuous tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They are taking exercise every day.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they were taking exercise every day.
Present perfect is changed into the past perfect tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They have taken exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.
Present perfect continuous tense is changed into past perfect continuous tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They have been taking exercise since morning.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had been taking exercise since morning.
Past indefinite is changed into past perfect tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They took exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.
Past continuous tense is changed into past perfect continuous tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They were taking exercise.”
Pidato tidak langsung juga dikenal sebagai ucapan yang dilaporkan, narasi tidak langsung, atau wacana tidak langsung. Dalam tata bahasa, ketika Anda melaporkan pernyataan orang lain dengan kata-kata Anda sendiri tanpa ada perubahan makna dari pernyataan itu, itu disebut ucapan tidak langsung. Mengutip kata-kata seseorang tanpa menggunakan kata-katanya sendiri dan membawa perubahan apa pun dalam makna pernyataan itu adalah pidato yang dilaporkan. Lihatlah kalimat-kalimat berikut:
Pidato Langsung: Dia berkata, "Saya sedikit gugup."
Pidato Tidak Langsung: Dia mengatakan bahwa dia sedikit gugup.
Dalam kalimat pertama, reporter menyampaikan pesan gadis itu menggunakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya (misalnya, "Saya sedikit gugup.") Dalam kalimat kedua, reporter menyampaikan pesannya tetapi dengan kata-katanya sendiri tanpa perubahan dalam berarti. Dengan demikian, pidato langsung dan tidak langsung adalah dua cara yang berbeda untuk melaporkan pernyataan orang. Dengan kata sederhana, mengutip seseorang menggunakan kata-kata Anda sendiri disebut pidato tidak langsung.
Terminologi kunci:
Selama proses ini, Anda akan menemukan banyak istilah penting yang perlu Anda ketahui lebih baik sehingga Anda dapat mengubah pidato langsung menjadi ucapan tidak langsung dengan mudah dan tanpa kerumitan. Pertimbangkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
Pidato Langsung: Dia berkata, "Saya sedikit gugup."
Pidato Tidak Langsung: Dia mengatakan bahwa dia sedikit gugup.
Sekarang pertimbangkan aspek-aspek tata bahasa yang berbeda dari keduanya.
Pidato Pelaporan: Bagian pertama dalam pidato langsung disebut pidato pelaporan.
Pidato Terlapor: Bagian kedua dari kalimat, yang ditutup dengan tanda koma terbalik atau tanda kutip, disebut pidato yang dilaporkan.
Reporting Verb: Kata kerja dari pidato pelaporan disebut kata kerja pelaporan.
Dilaporkan Kata Kerja: Kata kerja pidato yang dilaporkan disebut kata kerja yang dilaporkan.
Aturan Dasar
Sebelum melangkah lebih jauh, wajib untuk mengingat aturan-aturan ini:
Perubahan Person of Pronouns:
Kata ganti Orang Pertama dalam pidato yang dilaporkan selalu diubah sesuai dengan subjek pidato yang dilaporkan.
Kata ganti Orang 2 dalam pidato yang dilaporkan selalu diubah sesuai dengan objek pidato yang dilaporkan.
Kata ganti Orang Ketiga dalam pidato yang dilaporkan tidak diubah.
Perubahan Verba:
Jika pidato pelaporan dalam present tense atau future tense, maka tidak ada perubahan yang harus dilakukan dalam kata kerja pidato yang dilaporkan. Kata kerja ini bisa dalam bentuk tegang yaitu, sekarang, masa lalu, atau masa depan. Sebagai contoh:
Pidato Langsung: Dia berkata, "Aku sakit."
Pidato Tidak Langsung: Dia mengatakan bahwa dia sakit.
Direct Speech: Dia berkata, "Dia menyanyikan sebuah lagu."
Pidato Tidak Langsung: Dia mengatakan bahwa dia menyanyikan sebuah lagu.
Pidato Langsung: Anda berkata, "Saya akan mengunjungi London."
Pidato Tidak Langsung: Anda mengatakan bahwa Anda akan mengunjungi London.
Jika kata kerja pelaporan dalam bentuk lampau, maka kata kerja yang dilaporkan akan diubah sesuai dengan kriteria berikut:
Present tense tak terbatas diubah menjadi tense tak terbatas yang lalu. Sebagai contoh:
Pidato Langsung: Mereka berkata, "Mereka berolahraga setiap hari."
Pidato Tidak Langsung: Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka berolahraga setiap hari.
Kontinu sekarang diubah menjadi kontinu masa lalu.
Pidato Langsung: Mereka berkata, "Mereka berolahraga setiap hari."
Pidato Tidak Langsung: Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka berolahraga setiap hari.
Present perfect diubah menjadi perfect past tense.
Pidato Langsung: Mereka berkata, "Mereka sudah berolahraga."
Pidato Tidak Langsung: Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka telah berolahraga.
Present continuous tense diubah menjadi past perfect continuous tense.
Pidato Langsung: Mereka berkata, "Mereka sudah berolahraga sejak pagi."
Pidato Tidak Langsung: Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka telah berolahraga sejak pagi.
Masa lalu yang tidak terbatas diubah menjadi bentuk lampau yang sempurna.
Pidato Langsung: Mereka berkata, "Mereka berolahraga."
Pidato Tidak Langsung: Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka telah berolahraga.
Past continuous continuous diubah menjadi past perfect continuous tense.
Pidato Langsung: Mereka berkata, "Mereka berolahraga."
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